Grade 12 Chemistry Unit 1: Acid-Base Equilibria

This unit 1, Acid-Base Equilibria, explains different acid-base concepts, the dissociation of weak acids and bases, buffer solutions, hydrolysis of salts, and acid-base titrations. Students will also learn how acids and bases apply to daily life and laboratory practice.

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Chapter 1.1 – Acid-Base Concepts

• Defines acids as proton donors and bases as hydroxide donors.
• Limitations of the Arrhenius model.
• Defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
• Examples of conjugate acid-base pairs.
• Defines acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors.
• Broader applications in chemistry beyond aqueous solutions.

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Chapter 1.2 – Ionic Equilibria of Weak Acids and Bases

• Self-ionization of water and pH scale.
• Acid dissociation constant (Ka) and base dissociation constant (Kb).
• Relationship between Ka, Kb, Kw, pH, and pOH.

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Chapter 1.3 – Common Ion Effect and Buffer Solution

• How the presence of a common ion suppresses ionization.
• Definition and examples of acidic and basic buffers.
• Importance of buffers in biological and industrial systems.

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Chapter 1.4 – Hydrolysis of Salts

• Hydrolysis of salts of strong acids and strong bases (neutral solutions).
• Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids and strong bases (basic solutions).
• Hydrolysis of salts of strong acids and weak bases (acidic solutions).
• Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids and weak bases.

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Chapter 1.5 – Acid-Base Indicators and Titrations

• Types of indicators and their pH ranges.
• Determining equivalents for neutralization reactions.
• Principles of titration.
• Solving problems involving concentration and pH.
• Writing balanced chemical equations.

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Learning Outcomes

• Compare Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases.
• Describe the dissociation of water and weak acids/bases.
• Solve equilibrium problems involving Ka, Kb, pH, and pOH.
• Explain the common ion effect and buffer action with examples.
• Discuss hydrolysis of salts and predict solution acidity/basicity.
• Perform calculations for titration and neutralization reactions.
• Write balanced equations for different acid-base models.